Waste is a common problem within the electronics manufacturing industry. Whether large volumes of faulty smartphones need recalling or small batches of complex printed circuit boards (PCBs) need reworking, waste can be time consuming and costly to rectify.
In essence, waste is a non-value adding process. If left unnoticed, it can damage reputations and, ultimately, lead to businesses becoming uncompetitive. The good news is there are a number of techniques that can help you identify processes that contribute to high volumes of waste.In this guide, we introduce you to the principles of DMAIC, Six Sigma and Lean manufacturing, so that you can implement a suitable strategy to minimise your waste output.
What is waste?
Waste can present itself in various formats but, in simple terms, it can be defined as a product or process that causes delay or defect. Keeping within these two categories, and according to Lean principles, waste (or muda) can be split into seven sub-categories:
1. Transport - this doesn't solely relate to the shipping of goods, it can also include other unnecessary transportation - i.e. moving people, products and information to places they don't need to be.
2. Inventory - the storage of parts, products, pieces or documentation awaiting appropriate processing.
3. Motion - people or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform the processing.
4. Waiting - the downtime caused by waiting for the next production step - for example, during shift changeover or delayed receipt of vital parts.
5. Overproduction - production ahead of demand.
6. Over processing - relying on inspection to catch issues rather than designing the process to eliminate problems upfront.
7. Defects - rework, scrap, incorrect documentation, etc.
It is important to note that these seven categories are not exhaustive. Other forms of waste have been identified, such as manufacturing goods or services that do not meet customer demands or needs and the under-utilisation of skills. By identifying these traits within your own manufacturing facility and then implementing suitable process changes, it's possible to start seeing significant reductions in your waste output.
Techniques that can help you identify waste
DMAIC (project management)
DMAIC is a data-driven processing tool that allows you to logically format an issue and plan around its continuous improvement. The tool demands you break down a problem and then adopt a solution in one logical flow. Each point within the acronym stands for a stage within the process. By following the stages chronologically, identifying wasteful processes and implementing improvements soon become accessible and measurable:
- Define the problem, improvement activity, opportunity for improvement, the project goals, and customer (internal and external) requirements.
- Measure process performance.
- Analyse the process to understand the causes of poor performance.
- Improve process performance by addressing and removing the cause.
- Control the improved process and monitor future performance.
Within the measure (M) and analyse (A) stages of a DMAIC project, Lean manufacturing and Six Sigma strategies are generally implemented to gain the best possible outcome. Lean manufacturing is a model armed with tools that aim to simplify and streamline a process in order to eliminate delay. In turn, Six Sigma is a methodology aimed at optimising and stabilising a process in order to eliminate defects.
Six Sigma (optimising and stabilising a process)
Six Sigma focuses on optimising and stabilising a process in order to minimise defect levels. Some of the tools that encompass this methodology include control charts, Pareto charts and histograms:
Control chart
Control charts are a statistical process control (SPC) tool that are used to show whether or not your manufacturing processes are in a state of control. The graph uses collected quantitative data from a particular process, which is inputted to collate a base line performance. A realistic target line, derived from your current business position and future targets, is then inputted on top of this. It is then possible to see whether the process is reaching, exceeding or failing to meet your businesses targets. If you regularly miss the target it may be worthwhile re-evaluating your current process using one of the process improvement tools highlighted in the next section of this post.
Pareto chart
This data analysis chart combines both bar charts (individual values in descending order) and line graphs (cumulative total) in order to show which variables contribute most to a process issue. By identifying a defect and investigating the data you can then use a Pareto chart to highlight your findings. A Pareto chart can often identify the most common source of defect, or even the highest occurring defect, both of which are likely contributors to a high waste output. By analysing your data successfully in this way you can look at ways to combat these problems and, ultimately, lower your manufacturing waste.
Histogram
A histogram is a step-column chart that displays a summary of the variations in (frequency distribution of) quantities (called classes) that fall within certain lower and upper limits in a set of data. Like Pareto and control charts, a histogram is another way to display data in order to identify harmful variances within a process that could be increasing your waste levels. Being aware of these analytical tools can help identify triggers of waste within your business and make the improvement process smoother and easier to integrate into production. In turn, they can help lower costs and improve efficiency, while returning your focus back to manufacturing quality products on a consistent basis.
Lean manufacturing (simplifying and streamlining a process)
5S, spaghetti diagrams and process mapping are all examples of improvement tools that have the primary intention of streamlining and simplifying a process in order to eliminate delay (a key contributor of waste) within your manufacturing process:
5S
The 5S system is an approach to organising and standardising an area to ensure it is optimised for maximum efficiency. By following the five steps, derived from the philosophy of Kaizen, it is possible to minimise the amount of waste an area within your manufacturing facility outputs.
The five stages are:
- Being organised is key to minimising waste. By sorting the work area and throwing away anything that does't add value, it is easier to notice problems and address them with solutions.
- Set in order. Make the space works for you and the team using it by ensuring important materials are nearby. Using visual reminders - i.e. shadow boards or representations - can be a great way to ensure unity and streamline workflow.
- Shine. A clean work station or production line is vital in eliminating the risk of cross contamination. Starting with a clean area can help you identify sources of contamination with ease and lead to resolutions of the underlying problem at the root cause.
- Creating standardised workflows with assigned tasks and schedules can aid in ensuring everyone is aware of their responsibilities. This means you have more time to concentrate on your businesses priorities.
- For optimum results, 5S should be adopted as a long-term companywide strategy. Regular meetings and analysis of results, alongside training and team engagement, are crucial in ensuring that the desired results are obtained so that waste can be minimised long-term.
Spaghetti diagrams
A spaghetti diagram uses a visual representation of a current process through a continuous flow line tracing the path of an item or activity. The intention is to highlight where problems, delays or general wasteful issues arise. Arguably, some of the most important features a spaghetti diagram can highlight are over lapping in route and wait time. These are two common and expensive types of waste that can often be rectified by changing the location of an item or the order in which a task is completed.
Process mapping
Process mapping is a business workflow diagram that aims to disclose a clearer understanding of a process (or series of parallel processes) by outlining the steps involved, the owners of responsibility and time frames. Process maps were designed to help harvest process improvement, by allowing the developers the opportunity to gain a better understanding of the limitations their current process could incur. This technique, due to its graphical and visual form, is a great way of understanding how your current manufacturing processes could be adding waste to your operation and aids you in reducing this by making small changes.
A culture of continuous improvement
Understandably, one person cannot be expected to identify every single waste "opportunity" within a manufacturing facility. However, by increasing staff engagement and creating a culture of continuous improvement across your business, you should find you are alerted to issues quickly and efficiently. And, more importantly, before they start to drain precious resources in non-value adding activities.
Creating a culture of continuous improvement takes time and sustained effort and, most importantly, has to be sponsored at board level. If the management team haven't bought into the concept then it's highly unlikely that those at the coal face will either. If you're struggling to engage your work force then you may find that offering small "incentives" for process improvement suggestions (certificates, leaderboards, lunch vouchers, gift cards, etc.) may be a useful way of kick starting the initiative. They can also be a great way of boosting morale and ensuring that your team feel valued for their contribution to the company.
So, now you are aware of the tools and techniques to help identify, measure and reduce the amount of waste in your business. The important thing now is to ensure your manufacturing processes stay fluid. Stagnant processes are a key factor when it comes to waste, so we recommend that you regularly analyse your performance levels using a combination of the tools highlighted in this guide.
Good luck!
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Images by dcJohn and Sebastien Wiertz
